How to Build Sentences With Appositives

An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames another word in a sentence. As weve seen (in the article What Is an Appositive?), appositive constructions offer concise ways of describing or defining a person, place, or thing. In this article, you will learn how to construct sentences with appositives. From Adjective Clauses to Appositives Like an adjective clause, an appositive provides more information about a noun. In fact, we may think of an appositive as a simplified adjective clause. Consider, for example, how the following two sentences can be combined: Jim Gold is a professional magician.Jim Gold performed at my sisters birthday party. One way to combine these sentences is to turn the first sentence into an adjective clause: Jim Gold, who is a professional magician, performed at my sisters birthday party. We also have the option of reducing the adjective clause in this sentence to an appositive. All that we need to do is omit the pronoun who and the verb is: Jim Gold, a professional magician, performed at my sisters birthday party. The appositive a professional magician serves to identify the subject, Jimbo Gold. Reducing an adjective clause to an appositive is one way to cut the clutter in our writing. However, not all adjective clauses can be shortened to appositives in this fashion--only those that contain a form of the verb to be (is, are, was, were). Arranging Appositives An appositive most often appears directly after the noun it identifies or renames: Arizona Bill, The Great Benefactor of Mankind, toured Oklahoma with herbal cures and a powerful liniment. Note that this appositive, like most, could be omitted without changing the basic meaning of the sentence. In other words, its nonrestrictive and needs to be set off with a pair of commas. Occasionally, an appositive may appear in front of a word that it identifies: A dark wedge, the eagle hurtled earthward at nearly 200 miles per hour. An appositive at the beginning of a sentence is usually followed by a comma. In each of the examples seen so far, the appositive has referred to the subject of the sentence. However, an appositive may appear before or after any noun in a sentence. In the following example, the appositive refers to roles, the object of a preposition: People are summed up largely by the roles they fill in society --wife or husband, soldier or salesperson, student or scientist--and by the qualities that others ascribe to them. This sentence demonstrates a different way of punctuating appositives--with dashes. When the appositive itself contains commas, setting off the construction with dashes helps to prevent confusion. Using dashes instead of commas also serves to emphasize the appositive. Placing an appositive at the very end of a sentence is another way to give it special emphasis. Compare these two sentences: At the far end of the pasture, the most magnificent animal I had ever seen—a white-tailed deer—was cautiously edging toward a salt-lick block.At the far end of the pasture, the most magnificent animal I had ever seen was cautiously edging toward a salt-lick block—a white-tailed deer. Whereas the appositive merely interrupts the first sentence, it marks the climax of sentence two. Punctuating Nonrestrictive and Restrictive Appositives As weve seen, most appositives are nonrestrictive--that is, the information that they add to a sentence is not essential for the sentence to make sense. Nonrestrictive appositives are set off by commas or dashes. A restrictive appositive (like a restrictive adjective clause) is one that cannot be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence. A restrictive appositive should not be set off by commas: John-Boys sister Mary Ellen became a nurse after their brother Ben took a job at a lumber mill. Because John-Boy has multiple sisters and brothers, the two restrictive appositives make clear which sister and which brother the writer is talking about. In other words, the two appositives are restrictive, and so they are not set off by commas. Four Variations 1. Appositives that Repeat a NounAlthough an appositive usually renames a noun in a sentence, it may instead repeat a noun for the sake of clarity and emphasis: In America, as in anywhere else in the world, we must find a focus in our lives at an early age, a focus that is beyond the mechanics of earning a living or coping with a household. —Santha Rama Rau, An invitation to Serenity Notice that the appositive in this sentence is modified by an adjective clause. Adjectives, prepositional phrases, and adjective clauses (in other words, all of the structures that can modify a noun) are often used to add details to an appositive. 2. Negative AppositivesMost appositives identify what someone or something is, but there are also negative appositives that identify what someone or something is not: Line managers and production employees, rather than staff specialists, are primarily responsible for quality assurance. Negative appositives begin with a word such as not, never, or rather than. 3. Multiple AppositivesTwo, three, or even more appositives may appear alongside the same noun: Saint Petersburg, a city of almost five-million people, Russias second-largest and northernmost metropolis, was designed three centuries ago by Peter the Great. As long as we dont overwhelm the reader with too much information at one time, a double or triple appositive can be an effective way of adding supplementary details to a sentence. 4. List Appositives with PronounsA final variation is the list appositive that precedes a pronoun such as all or these or everyone: Streets of yellow row houses, the ochre plaster walls of old churches, the crumbling sea-green mansions now occupied by government offices-- all seem in sharper focus, with their defects hidden by the snow. —Leona P. Schecter, Moscow The word all is not essential to the meaning of the sentence: the opening list could serve by itself as the subject. However, the pronoun helps to clarify the subject by drawing the items together before the sentence goes on to make a point about them.

Mathew Bradys Photography of the Civil War Essay

Introduction Photography opened the world’s view. â€Å"Until 1839 the world was blind. Vision was limited to the immediate spectator or the art of the artist, but the rest of the world and history could not see† (Horan 3). People imagine things and do not believe it until they see it. Unless someone has really seen it they believe what they want. Mathew Brady showed people what war was really like. Before Mathew Brady’s pictures people thought that war was an adventure and fighting was honorable but they never knew what it was like. War was extremely violent and people did not realize this except the ones who had experienced it. When they saw the pictures of the war most people were appalled. â€Å"Mr. Brady has done something to bring home†¦show more content†¦Before the War Mathew Brady was born in the year 1822 in Warren County, New York. His parents were Irish Immigrants named Andrew and Julia Brady. Little is known about his early life. Bef ore his photography career he was a department store clerk and later opened his own small business manufacturing jewelry cases. He was on his way to Albany for reasons unknown when he met William Page, a painter, who introduced him to Samuel Morse. It was Samuel Morse who taught him how to take daguerreotypes, a type of photography in which you create a mirror image on a silver-surfaced copper plate. After he had mastered daguerreotypes he opened his own miniature gallery to show off his photographs. It was a successful gallery. He had won medals every year from 1844-1850. He had also begun photographing famous Americans, for example Edgar Allen Poe and James Cooper. Mathew Brady had very poor eyesight â€Å"but the role of the portrait photographer was to create the image that the camera would capture, and thus his failing eyesight was not a significant disability, and nobody found it odd that New York’s most famous photographer saw so poorly or that he protected his se nsitive eyes with blue-tinted glasses†¦There was a clear distinction between the artist-photographer creating an image and the photographic operator who merely handled and processes the plate† (Armstrong 5). Even though his eyesightShow MoreRelatedMathew Brady: The Father of Photojournalism Essay869 Words   |  4 PagesBorn of Irish immigrants in 1823 in a little place called Warren County, New York; Mathew Brady is known as â€Å"The Father of Photojournalism.† While a student of Samuel Morse and a friend of Louis Daguerre (inventor of the â€Å"Daguerreotype,† a method of photography that the image is developed straight onto a metal coated surface), in which he had met while under the study of Morse, Brady took up his interest in photography in the year of 1839, while only seventeen years of age. Brady took what he had learnedRead MoreHow Photography Affects The Social And Political Arena1123 Words   |  5 PagesPhotography had been around more than 2 0 years before the Civil War began. When pictures were taken, they showed colonels, bodies that were on the battlefield, even soldiers that were around the camp tent. A few photographers that will be discussed are Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner, George Barnard and Timothy O’Sullivan. I will talk about how their photography affected the social and political arena as well as how photography in contemporary society provides the public with an up-close testimony

A Walk Down the Servers Aisle free essay sample

There was food in the window, and the enticing aroma of warm, buffalo wings pervaded the server’s aisle. The clamor of washing dishes and the chatter of employees at The Vine Tavern and Eatery echoed through the concealed insides of the establishment. I was ready for another day of work.Out first, B15! shouted one of the cooks. As a food runner, I was responsible for knowing the jargon of table numbers and food that was placed in the window. The procedures of running food were subconsciously embedded into my ticket analyzing brain, so I grabbed the hot wings in the window, put on my best Hello table! Isnt this a wonderful day? I am so happy to be able to deliver your food to you face, and headed out to the table.This routine is second nature after nearly two years of work at the same restaurant, and normally I dont have a problem with it. We will write a custom essay sample on A Walk Down the Servers Aisle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Normally, customers will greet me thankfully for bringing them their food and treating them with a smile. However, when simple mistakes such as mixing up a table number, forgetting an extra ranch or even asking a couple to wait five minutes to be seated, have customers up-in-arms and bring out the worst in people, a serious lesson in empathy is needed. As I was bringing the hot wings out to B15, a booth, the 15th to be exact, I passed by a couple waiting at the host stand. After dropping off the food, I noticed that they were still standing and waiting. I approached the host stand, noticing that the only tables open were in a server’s section who had just been triple sat. This is often quite stressful for a server, especially on a busy night.â€Å"I’m sorry, but I am going to have to ask you to wait five minutes to go to your table,† I told the couple. The male did not take kindly to this. He arrogantly confronted me, demanding to know why he could not sit at an obviously open table. Although I attempted to pacify him and explain our procedures, he continued his rampage. He asked for my name and the phone number for The Vine, and he abruptly, promising some sort of fiery vengeance upon my soul. Although the customer was obviously a conceited and ignorant man, this was the first time that I had ever caused a customer to be so irate, and I was actually worried about my job.Fifteen minutes later, the same customer realized my anxieties. He stormed back in, more livid than ever, and he demanded to see a manager instantly. Following the workplace guidelines, I asked a manager to come to the host stand to pacify the customer. He spat his curses at her, twisting and contorting the story in every which way to endanger my job. Luckily, the manager saw the story my way, but she was still forced to offer discounts to the spitfire hothead of a customer in hopes that he would abstain from speaking poorly of The Vine in the outside world. It really is a shame that employees of the service industry are forced to take this bombardment from ignorant customers. However, the ends justify the means in the business world.Although this account seems specific and personal, it is quite common to hear similar stories from employees in any service industry. Nearly all of these mandated people pleasers can recall a time when they had to deal with such a raging, egocentric parasite of a customer. These parasites force their way into the workplace, against all of the employees’ wishes, and find their host’s vulnerabilities. Incessantly complaining that the food was not warm enough or that it was the worst (insert food item here) they ever tasted, these narcissistic leeches create havoc for service industry empl oyees. Even though the hosts know they are being manipulated and taken advantage of, they are forced to follow a form of ethical guidelines that the customer is always right, and the parasites feed off these morals. They nullify all of the host’s personal rights, growing in spite of their misery. Even if the host wishes to fight back and eradicate the parasites, it is stuck in a trap of regulations and manipulations. These customers can truly be monstrous in their lack of empathy.However, there is a way to prevent future parasitic situations from occurring. Despite the seemingly irreversible evil that lies within these characters, their parasitic tendencies could be reversed through simple understanding of the situation those in the service industry are in. If these customers could experience the same situations and problems that they now cause, the number of service complaints would be significantly diminished. Customers would no longer complain about their food taking a long time or about a server’s mix up of drink orders, for they could understand and relate to the problems that servers cope with. I am not asking everyone to drop everything that they are doing in their lives and apply for a job in a service industry. Such a claim would be irrational. However, I do ask that when individuals go out to eat, they remember that servers, bus boys and food runners are people too, and they are working as best as they can to ensure a quality dining experience.As a food runner/bus boy, I can see clearly that most of the reasons servers are docked on their tips are not at their own fault. Delayed or cold food is an effect of a backed up kitchen, and high prices are a policy of management. If individual attempts to make a customer’s experience worse, they would not be employed. It does not make sense that a server should have to pay for such circumstances in the long run, especially since they do not make a significant hourly wage. The two objections stated above, cold food and high prices, account for nearly all customer complaints. If customers took the time to put themselves in the shoes of those serving them, they would see that the server is not responsible. All it takes is empathy.

Information and Knowledge Management

Introduction Strategic information systems have been largely utilized in the corporate world ever since time immemorial. However, the emergence of information technology has revolutionalized information systems and has impacted heavily on individuals, organizations, and societies (Galliers and Leidner 1).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information and Knowledge Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Information technology has become a necessary condition for any business to survive in the market and companies are continually seeking information technology based information systems to help them gain competitive advantage (Galliers and Leidner 1). With progress in time, information technology has reached greater heights in terms of efficiency, reliability and profitability. Different levels in management hierarchy are utilizing information technology with the main aim of increasing business efficiency as wel l as ensuring strategic management of organizations (Galliers and Leidner 1). Since the managerial tasks are increasingly becoming complex, the need for advanced information systems constantly arises which aims at shifting the information systems from structured routinized support to unstructured complex enquiries serving at the highest levels of management (Galliers and Leidner 1) National Grid Company, an international electricity and gas company based in the UK and the United States is a gas and electricity distributing company that serves millions of people situated in Great Britain and the Northern part of US in a fast, reliable, and efficient manner (National grid par 1). The company owns the high voltage transmission network that is spread across England and Wales and is also in charge of the system that operates in Great Britain. In addition, the company owns the high pressure gas transmission system in Britain hence delivering gas and electricity to millions of consumers ac ross the country (National grid par 4). National Grid in United States delivers electricity to over three million people spread across the North Eastern part of United States.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company embraces information technology as a means to implement its daily activities. However, the dynamic nature of information technology results in uncertainties in the business environment limiting its predictability. National Grid has to identify the relevant information which is essential for appropriate decision making in the company. Through information technology, this information can be recorded, synthesized, and disseminated in a fast and efficient way. Since the company’s effective decision making is aided by availability of accurate information, the company heavily invests on information technology as a means to achieve this end. Advances in tech nology have further aided the development of corporate databases which serve to provide the company management with information about the business (Galliers and Leidner 11). National grid’s data structures are a reflection of the company’s interpretation and association of data which reflect the persisting interrelationships in the company. Strategic information needs of National Grid Assuming that UK based and US based National grid companies utilize different strategic information systems, the two companies need to synchronize their systems for national Grid Company to efficiently reap benefits associated with strategic information systems. It has to employ information systems that coordinate both vertical and horizontal interaction in both companies that are situated in different countries. The operating environment as well as the nature of products that national grid company offers to consumers i.e. gas and electricity requires timely, efficient and effective infor mation systems to aid in service delivery, customer and internal management as well as the decision making process. In order to meet these needs, the company needs evaluate its information management needs to assess whether or not the existing information systems meet the intended purpose of strategic information systems. To assess the effectiveness of the existing information systems, National grid should ensure that the existing systems facilitate derivation of the information required by various stakeholders and its presentation in a meaningful and systematic fashion to its users in convenient time.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information and Knowledge Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The information generated by these systems should be relevant and should assist the organization in decision making process that will enable National Grid to achieve its objectives among which are; improvement of customer safety and the company’s operational performance, being able to deliver strong, sustainable regulatory and long term contracts which yields high returns, modernization and advancing the transmission and distribution networks, Expanding the company’s capability and reaching for higher levels of efficiency, building trust and transparency as well as positively shaping the energy and climate change agenda in both the UK and the United States (National grid par 6). The cost of sustaining the information systems should be justifiable and should not negatively impact on the profitability and financial performance of the Company. National Grid needs to weigh the benefits associated with information system development and compare them with the costs associated with the same in order to establish whether the development is justifiable. In addition, the company should also consider the alternative opportunity cost associated with development of information systems. The information generated by the company’s information systems should serve the needs of its end users and should also be distributed to the appropriate audience (Pashke, Pashke Twargowski par 9). The management systems should see to it that the frequency of data preparation and generation should be appropriate and the level of data preciseness should conform to usage requirements (Pashke, Pashke Twargowski par 10). National Grid should ensure that its reporting format is appropriate for the intended user and should reliably serve its intended purpose. In addition, the range of data confidence among the management should be sufficient to justify adoption or utilization of a particular information system (Pashke, Pashke Twargowski par 13). Through the existing information management systems, National Grid avoids generation of unnecessary information and management reports. Further, the company should minimize its data duplication by centralizing data report preparation. However, a significant amount of information duplication is necessary for a certain level of management efficiency especially if the company integrates its two branches. Overly detailed data and information systems overwhelm the decision makers, therefore the company should simplify the management systems and data to enhance the user’s ability to digest and utilize the information (Pashke, Pashke Twargowski par 15).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategic information systems of National grid should also ensure that data is availed to the decision makers in both regions on timely bases preferably before hand to assist in decision making and the report should be formatted in such a way that they serve the end user needs (Pashke, Pashke Twargowski par 18). Recently, National Grid Company US adopted the ZEMA suite enterprise data management solution with an intention of supporting and improving the US energy procurement operations (Anon par 1). The company utilizes the system to gain a centralized source for its market data which is essential for its market data which is essential for strategic decision making. The system further provides the company with advanced automated analytics and data modelling and risk management system. The company replaced the data management systems to derive benefits associated with ZEMA such as risk monitoring, improved information systems and better integration (Anon par 2). If National Grid UK a dopted a similar system the company would not only reap similar benefits as those being accrued by National Grid US, but would also promote cohesion and coordination of management strategies in both regions. Strategic information systems and ebusiness planning activities Over the past few years, global interconnectivity has been enhanced by improved communication especially through the internet. In fact, the internet has played a major role in facilitating business associations and marketing strategies. The National Grid Company is no exception in utilization of the internet and automated means of communication to facilitate distribution of its products to the consumers in both regions where it operates. In this case, we assume that the company has already shifted its management systems from classical systems and is leaning more towards ebusiness. This is necessary for the success of any large international corporation like National Grid. The beginning of ebusiness has its roots tra ced back to the establishment of interactive websites which created opportunities for people to send and receive information from a company’s web server (Pant Ravichandran par 1). Most companies have adopted this method due to technological advancements which has continually made the internet a more preferred choice of information systems in organizations. Use of the internet for enterprise applications has led to the establishment of a new of a new breed of information systems referred to as ebusiness information system (Pant Ravichandran 85).This refers to computer applications that use the internet technology and its universal connectivity among other capabilities of the browser to integrate businesses within and beyond the enterprise to global levels. Ebusiness information systems in National Grid company allows transactions to be conducted in an integrated manner and enlarged information space by eliminating the constraints that are presented by the presence of diverse computing platforms, networks and application (Pant Ravichandran 85). The internets technologies allow automation of inter organizational processes and allow the company’s personnel to interact with the company’s information systems in an interesting and cost efficient manner. This makes the ebusiness information systems a key strategic component of any organization. However, it is vital that organizations plan carefully while designing ebusiness systems. This is because these information systems differ from classical inter organization information systems in significant ways and need to be approached more cautiously. This risk is further elevated by limited research existing in the field of ebusiness system planning making it all the same a more risky option to venture into. The existing information planning models were developed before the advent of the internet, it is not surprising that these models should fail to put into consideration the internal forces that s hape the company growth and successes amidst a dynamic and ever changing economic climate hence in most cases fails to address the information planning needs of e business (Pant Ravichandran 86). The existing models are widely classified into impact models which focus on the potential impacts of information technology on organizational tasks and processes and utilize this to identify opportunities for deploying information systems and alignment models which focus on aligning information system plans and priorities with organization strategy and business goals (Pant Ravichandran 83). The activities of National grid involving marketing, delivering, and support of products can be presented in a value chain. However, the company has shifted its approach from the value chain into value hubs where the linear value chain perspective has evolved into emarket places. This is primarily due to competitive pressures to respond to direct selling strategy as well as maturation of the internet a nd internet and internet related technologies (Pant Ravichandran 86). The company preference of ebusiness information systems can be attributed to the transaction cost theory which explains the economic of information and information systems within the organization (Pant Ravichandran 87). According to this theory, despite the assumptions that transactions through exchange mechanisms are homogenous, real life transactions are more complicated and involve real cost that the organization has to incur (Pant Ravichandran 87). National grid operates within the energy market and serves as a negation to the energy market in the sense that the company replaces the market coordination with coordination executed through explicit command and control. The markets reduce transaction costs as the people dealing through the market do not need to negotiate and execute individual contracts. In addition, integration of organizational and inter organization processes significantly reduces the cost o f transaction (Pant Ravichandran 87). Information technology has the ability to considerably lower coordination costs while ensuring that the associated transaction risk is not elevated hence prompting National Grid to increase its efforts of integrating the two regions rather than concentrating on vertical integration of single firms. The potential for lowering costs of technologically based information systems provide national grid with a reason to adopt ebusiness information systems in order to survive in the economy. Network externalities explains how the value of a product or service increases as the number of users increase (Pant Ravichandran 88). The more the number of people using the electricity and gas distributed by National grid, the more likely it is to attract more consumers. As more people interact via ebusiness information systems, the higher the value that the system achieves. Higher value will be achieved by ebusiness information systems that relate global commun ities to customers (Pant Ravichandran 89). Information is a key agent that serves to maintain cohesion among the two organizations hence it must be handled effectively. Through information, national grid is able to coordinate its distribution channels in both countries as well as the supply chains. Whether information is utilized for purposes of control or coordination, the company formulates it in such a way that it serves its intended purpose for the good of the company. Information management needs of National grid are shaped by the business needs to integrate its processes in the two countries, exchange of information in a timely manner as well as creating positive network externalities (Pant Ravichandran 90). In its attempt to integrate its information systems in both regions, the company needs to conceptualize the process in terms of the extent in which the ebusiness information system integrates with systems and processes across its value chain as well as the horizontal lin k whereby the UK has to link with the US in support of the business model. However, the complexity of information systems increases as the integration continues to advance and upon the integration of information systems in the two corporations, the company should be prepared to handle the costs and other challenges associated with complex systems. Knowledge management and customer relationship management National Grid Company carries out quarterly surveys in order to establish customer satisfaction (National grid par1). In these surveys, the company aims at establishing consumer level of satisfaction from emergency response and repair as well as other consumer demands. The company in turn utilizes the information to make necessary adjustment regarding customer satisfaction. In the company’s gas utility businesses, the annual survey and customer satisfaction ratings in the 2008/2009 registered decline in business during the year. The company consequently planned to implement i nitiative that improve customer satisfaction through putting more emphasis on communication and price, corporate citizenship, automating bill payment and collection, improving gas and electricity quality, promoting reliability and safety among the customers as well as improving customer operations (National Grid par 5). Reliability and service issues are the major components that determine consumer satisfaction. The company heavily invests on enhancing reliability in order to improve consumer perception and satisfaction and aims at achieving the first quartile performance in customer satisfaction surveys by the year 2013 National grid treats its customers appropriately and ensures that the communicate clearly and precisely while ensuring that interaction between them and the customers is straight forward while their main focus involves customer service and operational excellence (National grid par 1). The company’s transmission customer service principally facilitates establi shment of new connections as well as maintenance of the already existing customers (National grid par 2). The company achieves this in conjunction with the independent system operators situated in the regions in which they operate. In addition, the company ensures that it delivers high quality service to its consumers by ensuring that it adheres to the standards defined by the country’s regulators. Conclusion Strategic information management systems are key determinant of a company’s performance on almost all areas. Companies therefore need to adopt the appropriate systems to ensure that their operations are efficient. Introduction and advancement of technology has facilitated improvement in corporate strategic management systems. In fact most corporations refer information technology as a necessary evil whereby companies have to adopt it despite the risks associated with it. Companies should not only develop strategic information systems that are fast efficient and ha ve the ability to handle complex tasks, they should also be user friendly and should allow the users to utilize them in an interactive and simplified manner. Companies should also deal with the negative effects associated with technologically based strategic management information systems to ensure that the company does not incur losses and costs associated with the occurrence of such effects. As an international corporation, National Grid has adopted the advanced technologically based strategic information management systems and reaps benefits from this especially due to its large scale nature of service provision. The company should further aim at integrating the information systems in all the areas in which it operates in order to reap benefits associated with economies of scale. However, this process requires a lot of effort to deal with increased complexities. Further, the company utilizes information derived from surveys to make adjustments that ensure that the company achieve s higher levels of efficiency and customer satisfaction. From the discussed case, it is evident that strategic information systems are an important component of any business operations and companies should invest in efficient information systems to promote their performance in the economy. Works Cited Anon. National Grid implements ZEMA suite replacing incumbent competitive solution, Power group Inc, 2009, ZEMA website. Galliers, Robert Leidner, E. Dorothy. Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in management, Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003. Print. National Grid. Our vision strategy and objectives, our customers-customer service and network reliabilities, National Grid, 2010, the national Grid official website. Pant, Somendra Ravichandran, T: A framework for information systems planning for ebusiness, MCB university press, 2001, Logistics information management PDF publication. Pashke, F. Gregory., Pashke, D Fargo Twargowski. Evaluative criteria for management information needs, Vanamburg group Inc, 2008. The CPA journal (a publication of the New York Society of CPA’s). This report on Information and Knowledge Management was written and submitted by user Carlos Munoz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.